[Manometric characteristics in children with chronic constipation and acquired anorectal pathology]. / Características manométricas en niños con estreñimiento crónico ypatología anorrectal adquirida.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anorectal manometry results in the pediatric population with chronic constipation and acquired anorectal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of children who were referred to the Motility and Pelvic Floor Laboratory of the Hospital San Jose Tecnologico de Monterrey between 2004-2016 for further evaluation with anorectal manometry and who presented acquired anorectal disease. RESULTS: We reviewed 170 records. The mean age was 7.18 ± 4.51 years old. The prevalence of anorectal disease was 73%. The symptoms more frequently presented were difficult evacuation (78%), painful defecation (67%), large and hard stool (50%) and fecal soiling (49%). 44% of patients with hypotonic external anal sphincter (EAS) presented with soiling and 74% of those had diminished critical volume. Significant manometric values (p<0.05) were EAS resting pressure, maximal squeeze pressure, and critical volume. 97.7% of those who underwent abdomino pelvic coordination evaluation had pelvic floor dyssynergia (anismus). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to adult population, the manometric values in children with acquire anorectal pathology were within normal values except for the EAS resting pressure and critical volume that were diminished. This could suggest a different mechanism in the pediatric population. Pelvic floor dyssynergia could explain chronic constipation in these patients.

Uso de un blog para difusión de la producción académica de un programa de residencia / Use of an electronic blog as a method of sharing the academic production of a residency program

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Un blog es un tipo de página web que se actualiza de forma periódica y que recopila textos, artículos u otro tipo de trabajos multimedia de uno o varios autores. Este trabajo evalúa la visibilidad de un blog electrónico como medio para exponer la producción académica de un programa de residencia. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un reporte de caso. Se describe la experiencia con el uso del blog. Mediante el uso de los sistemas propios del blog para monitorización y visitas, se describen la cantidad de visitas recibidas, así como su codificación como «nacionales» e «internacionales». Se utilizan estadísticas simples para descripción de los resultados. RESULTADOS: El blog cuenta con un total de 31 entradas desde el 2014 a la fecha de publicación de este manuscrito. Se obtuvieron 1.566 visitas de 566 visitantes distintos. El 20,88% de las visitas que el blog recibió fueron extranjeras. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de un blog permite documentar la experiencia académica de un programa de residencias. Así mismo permite aumentar la visibilidad del programa tanto nacional como internacionalmente y como instrumento para difusión del conocimiento

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: A blog is a web page that is periodically updated, and that compile texts, articles, and other type of works from one or more authors. This work aims to evaluate the experience and visibility of a blog in order to present the academic production of a residency program. METHODS: This is a case report. The experience with the blog is described. The number of visits and visitors was collected from the system of the blog. The visits were classified according to "national" and "international". Simple descriptive statistics were used to present results. RESULTS: The blog has had a total of 31 entries since 2014. The blog has had a total of 1566 visits from 566 different visitors. The percentage of "international" visits was 20.88%. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a blog allows the academic experience of the residency program to be documented. This computer application is proposed in order to increase the national and international visibility of the program, and can be used as a method to share knowledge

Características manométricas en niños con estreñimiento crónico y patología anorrectal adquirida / Manometric characteristics in children with chronic constipation and acquired anorectal pathology

Objetivos: Describir los resultados de las manometrías anorrectales (MAR) en pacientes pediátricos con estreñimiento crónico y patología anorrectal adquirida. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes pediátricos referidos entre 2004 y 2016 al Laboratorio de Motilidad Gastrointestinal del Hospital San José Tec de Monterrey para evaluación por manometría anorrectal y que presentaron patología anorrectal adquirida. Resultados: Se revisaron 170 expedientes. Edad 7,18 ± 4,51 años. La prevalencia de patología anorrectal (PA) fue de 73%. Síntomas con mayor incidencia: dificultad para evacuar (78%), dolor al evacuar (67%), heces duras (50%) e incontinencia fecal asociado (49%). El 44% de los pacientes con esfínter anal externo (EAE) hipotónico presentaron incontinencia y 74% estos últimos, presentaron menor volumen máximo tolerable (VMT). Los valores manométricos con mayor significancia: presión en reposo del EAE (promedio ± DE) 14,16 ± 10,19 en PA y de 26,08 ± 13,65 en SPA; presión en contracción del EAE 48,4 ± 34,1 en PA y 68,3 ± 37,7 en SPA; VMT 120,8 ± 60,4 en PA y de 173,2 ± 78,0 en SPA. El 97,97% de los pacientes en los que se evaluó la coordinación abdomino-pélvica tuvieron disinergia del piso pélvico. Conclusiones: A diferencia de la población adulta, los valores manométricos de niños con patología anorrectal se encontraron dentro de rangos normales excepto por el EAE y el VMT los cuales estuvieron disminuidos. Esto puede sugerir un mecanismo diferente en la población pediátrica. La disinergia del piso pélvico podría explicar el estreñimiento crónico en estos pacientes.

Objective: To describe the anorectal manometry results in the pediatric population with chronic constipation and acquired anorectal disease. Materials and methods: We reviewed the records of children who were referred to the Motility and Pelvic Floor Laboratory of the Hospital San Jose Tecnologico de Monterrey between 2004-2016 for further evaluation with anorectal manometry and who presented acquired anorectal disease. Results: We reviewed 170 records. The mean age was 7.18 ± 4.51 years old. The prevalence of anorectal disease was 73%. The symptoms more frequently presented were difficult evacuation (78%), painful defecation (67%), large and hard stool (50%) and fecal soiling (49%). 44% of patients with hypotonic external anal sphincter (EAS) presented with soiling and 74% of those had diminished critical volume. Significant manometric values (p<0.05) were EAS resting pressure, maximal squeeze pressure, and critical volume. 97.7% of those who underwent abdomino pelvic coordination evaluation had pelvic floor dyssynergia (anismus). Conclusions: Contrary to adult population, the manometric values in children with acquire anorectal pathology were within normal values except for the EAS resting pressure and critical volume that were diminished. This could suggest a different mechanism in the pediatric population. Pelvic floor dyssynergia could explain chronic constipation in these patients.

[Frequency of fecal incontinence and its impact on the quality of life of the hospitalized geriatric patient]. / Frecuencia de incontinencia fecal y su impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente geriátrico hospitalizado.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of fecal incontinence and the impact on the quality of life of hospitalized geriatric patients in a sample from a level two hospital in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospitalized patients over 60 years of age or their caregivers were questioned about the presence of fecal incontinence. Those who responded affirmatively and could respond were given the following questionnaires and scales: Mini-Mental, Rockwood quality of life for fecal incontinence and Wexner scale modified for severity of incontinence; in addition to clinical data. The frequency was calculated based on a sample and associations were determined between degree of incontinence and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 234 patients were questioned, of whom 135 (57.69%) were women and 99 (42.31%) men. A total of 34 patients with fecal incontinence were documented, this represents a frequency of 14.53% (95% CI, 10.28-19.71%) in this population. A positive correlation of the severity of incontinence was found with the lifestyle dimension (relation (r) = -0.61, p = 0.04), shame (r = -0.70, p = 0.01), behavior (r = -0.73, p = 0.001) and the average of the four dimensions (r = -0.67, p = 0.02) but not with the depression dimension of the quality of life questionnaire in fecal incontinence. CONCLUSION: When compared with other national and international studies, the frequency of fecal incontinence found was lower than that documented in other series. The quality of life of hospitalized elderly patients with fecal incontinence in this sample was diminished and its impact on quality of life correlated with the severity of fecal incontinence.

Totally endoscopic implant to effect a gastric bypass: 12-month safety and efficacy outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Only a small percentage of candidates for bariatric surgery ever undergo a procedure for weight loss. Devices duplicating key effects of bariatric surgeries with removable, fully trans-oral implants could extend their benefits to patients unwilling to undergo anatomy-altering abdominal surgeries. METHODS: Thirty-two obese subjects (mean BMI: 42.3) were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, feasibility trial of the first fully trans-oral endoscopic gastrointestinal bypass device. The device is a cuff attached to the distal esophagus by transmural anchors and connected to a 120-cm sleeve diverting undigested nutrients to the jejunum. Bodyweight, vital signs, adverse events, medications, HbA1c, fasting glucose, and lipids were collected at baseline and follow-up visits. Device status was endoscopically assessed every 6 months. RESULTS: The fully trans-oral procedure was successful in all subjects without intraoperative adverse events or postoperative infections. Twenty-eight of 32 subjects (88%) remained implanted with continuing follow-up beyond their 12-month visit. At 12 months, the 32 subjects had lost an average of 44.8% of excess body weight, 17.6% of total body weight, 20.8 kg, and 7.5 BMI points. Weight loss depended on capture of ingesta by the esophageal cuff, with 18 of 32 subjects without visible gaps around their cuffs at the 6 month endoscopy having significantly greater EWL (53.6 vs. 33.4% in the remaining subjects, p < 0.002). Mean HbA1c and fasting glucose declined by 1.1% points and 29 mg/dL in type 2 diabetic subjects, 80% of whom had remission of their diabetes at 12 months. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a fully trans-oral gastrointestinal bypass implant. This purely endoscopic device may provide a valuable addition to the armamentarium of treatment available for the management of morbid obesity.

Frecuencia de incontinencia fecal y su impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente geriátrico hospitalizado / Frequency of fecal incontinence and its impact on the quality of life of the hospitalized geriatric patient

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de incontinencia fecal y el impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados en una muestra de un hospital de segundo nivel de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Material y métodos: Se interrogó a los pacientes mayores de 60 años hospitalizados o sus cuidadores acerca de incontinencia fecal. A los que respondieran afirmativamente y pudieran responder se les realizaron los siguientes cuestionarios y escalas: Minimental, calidad de vida de Rockwood para incontinencia fecal y escala de Wexner modificada para severidad de incontinencia; además de datos clínicos. Se calculó la frecuencia en base a una muestra y se determinaron asociaciones entre grado de incontinencia y calidad de vida. Resultados: Se interrogaron un total de 234 pacientes, de los cuales 135 (57,69%) eran mujeres y 99 (42,31%) hombres. Se documentó un total de 34 pacientes con incontinencia fecal, esto representa una frecuencia de 14,53% (IC95%, 10,2819,71%) en esta población. Se encontró una correlación positiva de la severidad de la incontinencia con la dimensión de estilo de vida (relación (r) = -0,61, p=0,04), vergüenza (r=-0,70, p=0,01), conducta (r=-0,73, p=0,001) y el promedio de las cuatro dimensiones (r=-0,67, p=0,02) pero no con la dimensión de depresión del cuestionario de calidad de vida en incontinencia fecal. Conclusión: Al comparar con otros estudios nacionales e internacionales, la frecuencia de incontinencia fecal encontrada es menor a lo documentado en otras series. La calidad de vida de los pacientes ancianos hospitalizados con incontinencia fecal en esta muestra se encuentra disminuida y su impacto en la calidad de vida se correlaciona con la severidad de la incontinencia fecal.

Objective: To determine the frequency of fecal incontinence and the impact on the quality of life of hospitalized geriatric patients in a sample from a level two hospital in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Materials and methods: Hospitalized patients over 60 years of age or their caregivers were questioned about the presence of fecal incontinence. Those who responded affirmatively and could respond were given the following questionnaires and scales: Mini-Mental, Rockwood quality of life for fecal incontinence and Wexner scale modified for severity of incontinence; in addition to clinical data. The frequency was calculated based on a sample and associations were determined between degree of incontinence and quality of life. Results: A total of 234 patients were questioned, of whom 135 (57.69%) were women and 99 (42.31%) men. A total of 34 patients with fecal incontinence were documented, this represents a frequency of 14.53% (95% CI, 10.28-19.71%) in this population. A positive correlation of the severity of incontinence was found with the lifestyle dimension (relation (r) = -0.61, p = 0.04), shame (r = -0.70, p = 0.01), behavior (r = -0.73, p = 0.001) and the average of the four dimensions (r = -0.67, p = 0.02) but not with the depression dimension of the quality of life questionnaire in fecal incontinence. Conclusion: When compared with other national and international studies, the frequency of fecal incontinence found was lower than that documented in other series. The quality of life of hospitalized elderly patients with fecal incontinence in this sample was diminished and its impact on quality of life correlated with the severity of fecal incontinence.

Frequency and findings of the acquired anorectal disease in the pediatric population with chronic constipation.

Sanchez-Avila MT, Garcia-Valencia OA, Rivas-Calderon M, Morales-Garza LA, Jacobo-Velazquez P, Chavez-Caraza KL. Frequency and findings of the acquired anorectal disease in the pediatric population with chronic constipation. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 547-553. To determine the frequency of anorectal disease associated with chronic constipation in children we conducted an observational, descriptive, retrospective study. One hundred and sixty eight patients were evaluated by anorectal manometry over a 10-year period. The population was divided into organic constipation (OC) and functional constipation (FC) per ROME III criteria. Of those: 95 (56.54%) presented with anorectal disease. The age range was 1-17 (mean 5.3). Eighteen presented with OC and 77 with FC. Acute anal fissure was found in 45 patients (38 FC, 7 OC), chronic anal fissure in 38 (30 FC, 8 OC), perianal erythema in 26 (23 FC, 3 OC), scar tissue was found in 28 (24 FC, 4 OC), anal mucosa congestion in 27 (22 FC, 5 OC), hemorrhoidal disease in 26 (20 FC, 6 OC) and perianal venous dilatation in 21 (16 FC, 5 OC). Anal fissure, perianal erythema, and venous dilation occurred more frequently in patients with an anterior ectopic anus. An anal fissure was present in more than 80% of patients who had puborectalis muscle and external anal sphincter dysfunction. We concluded that the frequency of acquired anorectal disease in children with chronic constipation is high; early diagnosis and treatment are priorities for the successful management of these patients.

Prevalence of high-grade perineal tear during labor in Mexican adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: There is a high rate of deliveries in adolescents in Mexico. This age group is vulnerable to obstetric complications, including lacerations of the anal sphincter. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of third and fourth degree perineal tears in adolescents during childbirth, and to evaluate risk factors in comparison with deliveries with lacerations of adult women. METHODS: All obstetric care episodes were reviewed from a public tertiary hospital data in Monterrey, Mexico in 2014. Age, primiparity, delivery instrumentation, episiotomy, body mass index, product weight and tear´s degree were documented at the deliveries with tears of third and fourth degree. RESULTS: The prevalence of third and fourth degree tears of 2.0% was found in the general population, being adolescents the most affected with 2.5%. The unadjusted odds ratio of high-grade tears in adolescent females at delivery, compared to adult females, was 1.36 (95% CI = 0.99-1.86, p= 0.05). No difference was found when comparing risk factors among high-grade tear deliveries in adolescents versus adults. CONCLUSIONS: A higher prevalence than previous reported for high grade tears during delivery was found. The data suggest adolescence as a risk factor for high-grade tears during delivery.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En México hay una elevada tasa de partos en adolescentes. Este grupo es vulnerable para complicaciones obstétricas, entre ellas laceración del esfínter anal. OBJETIVO: Conocer la prevalencia de desgarros perineales de tercer y cuarto grado en adolescentes durante el parto y evaluar factores de riesgo en comparación con partos con laceración de mujeres adultas. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron todas las atenciones obstétricas en un hospital publico de tercer nivel en Monterrey, Nuevo León, México en el año 2014. Se documentó edad, primiparidad, instrumentación del parto, realización de episiotomía, índice de masa corporal, peso del producto y grado del desgarro en los partos que presentaron desgarros de tercer y cuarto grado. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una prevalencia general de 2.0% de desgarros de tercer y cuarto grado y en adolescentes de 2.5%. La razón de momios sin ajustar de desgarros de alto grado en mujeres adolescentes en comparación con mujeres adultas fue de 1.36 (IC 95%= 0.99-1.86, p= 0.05). No se encontró diferencia al comparar factores de riesgo entre los partos con desgarro de alto grado en adolescentes contra adultas. CONCLUSIONES: Se encontró una prevalencia mayor a lo reportado de desgarros de alto grado durante el parto. Los datos sugieren a la adolescencia como factor de riesgo para desgarros de alto grado.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Deficiency and Cirrhosis Establishment.

Cirrhosis represents the final stage of chronic liver damage, which can be due to different factors such as alcohol, metabolic syndrome with liver steatosis, autoimmune diseases, drugs, toxins, and viral infection, among others. Nowadays, cirrhosis is an important health problem and it is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality, being the 14th most common cause of death worldwide. The physiopathological pathways that lead to fibrosis and finally cirrhosis partly depend on the etiology. Nevertheless, some common features are shared in this complex mechanism. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cirrhosis is a dynamic process that can be altered in order to delay or revert fibrosis. In addition, when cirrhosis has been established, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) deficiency or reduced availability is a common condition, independently of the etiology of chronic liver damage that leads to cirrhosis. IGF-1 deprivation seriously contributes to the progressive malnutrition of cirrhotic patient, increasing the vulnerability of the liver to establish an inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this context, IGF-1 deficiency in cirrhotic patients can justify some of the common characteristics of these individuals. Several studies in animals and humans have been done in order to test the replacement of IGF-1 as a possible therapeutic option, with promising results.

[Correlation between the presence and intensity of symptoms and the results of hydrogen breath tests in the diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance]. / Correlación entre los síntomas digestivos y los resultados de una prueba de hidrógeno en aliento en el diagnóstico de intolerancia a carbohidratos.

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen breath tests (HBT) are used to confirm the diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). OBJECTIVE: Determine the existence of a correlation between the presence and intensity of symptoms experimented by the patient after the ingestion of a carbohydrate load and the test result. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an observational, retrospective and analytic study, in which all patients' files from year 2008 to 2014 containing a report of a HBT performed at Hospital San José TEC de Monterrey were revised. Using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the patient reported the intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms during the test. Descriptive statistics were obtained, and exclusively for lactose HBTs, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) between maximum hydrogen concentration in breath and symptom intensity was calculated. RESULTS: A HBT was performed in 33 patients: 23 with lactose, 5 with fructose, and 5 with lactulose as substrate. Of these, 10, 2, and 5 tests were positive, respectively. For lactose HBTs, the symptom with most sensitivity was flatulence (80%), which also had the greatest likelihood ratio for a positive test (1.73). Diarrhea had the greatest specificity (84.6%). A tendency for positivity was observed when patients presented symptoms. A moderately positive correlation between hydrogen ppm and symptom intensity was found (r=0.427, p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: A correlation between symptom intensity and test positivity was found in patients with lactose intolerance. The presence of flatulence after lactose loading may be indicative of a positive test.